The IRS on Monday issued Notice 2018-14 to provide more guidance on the withholding rules that were changed by P.L. 115-97, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The notice (1) extends the use of the existing 2017 Form W-4, Employee’s Withholding Allowance Certificate, to claim exemption from withholding for 2018 until the IRS can issue a new 2018 Form W-4; (2) temporarily suspends the Sec. 3402(f)(2)(B) rule that employees must notify their employers of changes in status that affect their withholding within 10 days; (3) provides the new rate of optional withholding on supplemental wages; and (4) provides that withholding on periodic payments (such as for annuities) under Sec. 3405(a)(4) when no withholding certificate is in effect is based on treating the payee as married and claiming three withholding allowances.
Use of 2017 Form W-4 to claim exemption from withholding
As the IRS noted when it issued the 2018 withholding tables, it is in the process of revising the 2018 version of Form W-4 to reflect the changes in P.L. 115-97 to itemized deductions, exemptions for dependents, and increases in the child tax credit and the new dependent credit. It may not finish the new version until after Feb. 15, 2018.
The rules under which employees are exempt from withholding because they did not have a tax liability last year and do not expect a tax liability for the current tax year generally require employees to file Forms W-4 to claim the exemption. These forms are usually effective for a tax year up until Feb. 15 of the following year. The guidance explains the rules for taxpayers who wish to claim the exemption for 2018, which include an extension of the effective date of the 2017 Form W-4 until Feb. 28, 2018, and allowing taxpayers to use the 2017 W-4 form (modified as instructed in the notice) until 30 days after a 2018 version of Form W-4 is issued by the IRS.
Temporary suspension of 10-day rule
Sec. 3402(f)(2)(B) requires employees to notify their employers of changes in status that affect the number of withholding allowances they are entitled to claim within 10 days of the event. The IRS is changing the 10-day period to file new Forms W-4 until 30 days after the 2018 forms are released but also noted that employees who have a reduction in the number of withholding allowances solely due to the changes made by P.L. 115-97 are not required to furnish employers new withholding allowance certificates during 2018. However, the IRS emphasizes that employees may voluntarily file new Forms W-4 to update their withholding in response to the act and can use the 2017 form until 30 days after the 2018 form is released.
Rate of optional withholding on supplemental wages
Because the new tax law lowered income tax rates beginning in 2018, the rate that employers should withhold on supplemental wages is also lowered from 25%, which was in effect from 2005 to 2017, to 22%. This new lower rate should be implemented as soon as possible, but no later than Feb. 15, 2018. Employers have the option to correct overwithholding at the old 25% rate for wages paid between Jan. 1 and Feb. 15 under the rules applicable to corrections of overcollections of federal income tax.
Withholding on periodic payments
Under prior law, withholding on periodic payments such as pensions and annuities under Sec. 3405(a)(4) for which no withholding certificate was in effect treated the payees as a married individual claiming three withholding exemptions. Because the new tax law no longer provides personal exemptions, the rule has to be changed to provide for withholding assuming the payee is a married individual claiming three withholding allowances.
— Sally P. Schreiber (Sally.Schreiber@aicpa-cima.com) is a JofA senior editor.
