Get a B on a math test, and you understand how that grade was determined: You got 88% of the answers correct. Get a B on an art project, and you’re wondering exactly what could have been better or what the instructor was looking for.
CFOs would rather be graded in math, at least when it comes to determining their annual bonuses. They want to know what needs to be achieved, and, based on those achievements, they want to know how big their bonus will be.
But bonuses are determined not only by hard and fast financial metrics but also by less quantifiable standards. And that is leading some finance chiefs to have a sort of bonus blindness.
Subjective bonuses, more common at smaller, private companies in the United States, have a negative effect on how CFOs feel about the design of their compensation plans, according to the 2013 CFO Compensation Survey, released by the AICPA and Arizona State University.
In the survey, conducted by Michal Matějka, a professor at the W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State, 58% of private-company CFOs’ bonuses were based on meeting financial performance goals, 13% were contingent on explicit nonfinancial targets such as customer satisfaction or safety targets, and 27% were awarded subjectively. The remaining small percentage were funded in other, unspecified ways.
The report showed that CFOs who were highly dissatisfied with the design of their compensation packages had 40% of their bonuses awarded subjectively, compared with 25% for satisfied CFOs.
STEPS CFOs CAN TAKE
What should a dissatisfied finance professional do if his or her company isn’t budging on the fuzziness of its compensation plan design? Perform better, and ask more questions. Sounds simple, but those two actions can create clarity.
“We talk about benchmarks, but it’s really about performance,” said Mark Rosen, CPA, the managing director at compensation consultancy Pearl Meyer & Partners. “If you have high performance, people generally don’t care about what you get paid. If you perform poorly, people really care what you get paid. That message gets lost in the noise … of how pay structures are set up and how we can align. If you’re not performing, it really doesn’t matter.”
CFOs have to expect some discretion in the determination of bonuses. Some parts of a bonus may be tied to performance relative to a group of industry peers, which won’t be known until the end of the year as information about company and peer performance becomes available. Companies don’t have the foresight to predict every economic event that could affect the bottom line and, therefore, the CFO’s bonus. But that discretion should have limits, Rosen said.
“When an organization says to the CFO or any plan participant, ‘Eighty percent of your bonus is on operating income, and the other 20% is discretionary,’ the question is: ‘What does that really mean?’ ” Rosen said. “Is it based on individual performance, how clean the audit is, how fast the books are closed, how well we finance our debt? What is it going to be?
“If the [CEO or compensation committee] says, ‘I’ll know it when I see it and pay based on how well you do,’ you can expect a CFO to say, ‘What the heck does that mean?’ ”
NOT JUST A CFO ISSUE
Other research backs up the notion that companies can be more transparent in how they reward employees.
A growing number of companies have formal performance rating systems tied to salary increases, according to a 2012 WorldatWork survey. But a slight majority of those that use the ratings to determine increases put that determination in the hands of managers. So, the process for a pay raise—whether a CFO bonus or first-year accountant’s merit increase—remains murky, often as much art as science.
Don Lindner, manager of practice leadership at WorldatWork, specializes in executive compensation. He has worked at companies that paid well but had poor communication about compensation practices, as well as at companies that didn’t pay as well but had excellent communication about pay. He said retention and engagement of employees should be the top priority of compensation plans.
“The more you communicate and the more transparent you are, the more people understand the compensation programs, and the more effective those programs are,” he said. “It’s important to have very well-designed plans, but, without communication, they’re fairly useless.”
August J. Aquila, who co-authored a book for the AICPA on pay for performance, said goal setting at the beginning of the year will add clarity to a compensation plan. The goals should be prioritized so that employees know what to focus on most. If employees see the metrics that make up the compensation plan, then they can see whether the plan is fair. “If the plan is too subjective, then they could feel it’s not a fair plan because they don’t know what they’re supposed to do,” he said. “When you’re more open with employees, they’re going to trust you more.”
Steps Companies Can Take
The AICPA survey recommends three steps for companies to curb subjectivity in determining a CFO’s bonus:
Greater use of objective nonfinancial targets.
Michal Matějka, a professor at the W.P. Carey School of Business at
Arizona State University, says that using a measure such as customer
satisfaction, market share, or clicks to the company website can be
effective. “You tell people at the beginning of the year, this is the
expected level of performance,” Matějka said. “They know what the game
is. They know what’s expected, and they know whether they’re on track.
They may not meet it, but at least they know from the beginning how
the bonus is going to be constructed.”
The research showed that companies using explicit nonfinancial targets in determining bonuses paid a lower percentage of bonuses subjectively. Companies that didn’t use well-defined nonfinancial targets awarded 34% of a CFO's bonus subjectively; companies that did take into account explicit nonfinancial targets awarded less than 10% of a CFO’s bonus subjectively.
CFOs also were more likely to be involved in decision-making in companies that used explicit nonfinancial targets in determining bonuses.
Paying subjective bonuses instead of bonuses tied to defined nonfinancial targets could be preferable for some companies, in case the nonfinancial targets are met but overall financial performance is weak, the report said.
Greater involvement of corporate boards in determining CFO
compensation. When boards have a say on executive pay,
CEOs are expected to put more structure into a CFO’s incentive plan.
Thirty-seven percent of corporate boards in private companies had considerable influence on CFO compensation, compared with 70% of corporate boards in public companies, according to the survey.
Board influence was associated with a lower reliance on subjective bonuses and greater involvement of CFOs in key decisions, the survey found. In companies where the board had a high influence on CFO pay, 40% of CFOs reported that they were highly involved in major business decisions, compared with 31% in companies where the board’s influence was low.
“The results suggest that active influence of the board of directors on CFO compensation may have some benefits,” the report said. “Greater influence may possibly result in a greater interaction between the board and the CFO, which may in turn elevate the CFO position and allow for a greater involvement of the CFO in major business decisions.”
Greater interaction between the board and CFO may be important in terms of governance. The interaction “may strengthen the importance of CFO fiduciary duties in safeguarding the integrity of financial reporting and assuring that the board has timely access to unbiased financial information,” the report said.
The use of bonus pools, which are funded only after specific
company financial objectives are reached. “You
specify in advance what the conditions are for bonuses to exist,”
Matějka said. An example would be that any money above a certain
benchmark for profit would be used to fund a bonus pool for executives.
The size of bonus pools is tied to financial performance; the better the performance, the bigger the pool. The survey found that 38% of private companies used some form of bonus pool.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Compensation for finance executives in the United States is on the rise, according to an AICPA survey. Compensation (salary and bonus) for CFOs has risen nearly 19% since 2006, compared with 11% for CEOs, presidents, and COOs (see Exhibit 1). CFOs have expressed dissatisfaction about the portion of their bonus that is determined subjectively.
The higher the percentage of subjective bonus, the more likely the CFO was to be dissatisfied about the design of his or her compensation packages. Subjective bonuses were more likely at small, private companies.
Companies can limit subjectivity in several ways. The survey suggests that subjectivity can be limited by a greater use of nonfinancial metrics; a greater involvement of corporate boards in determining CFO compensation; and more reliance on bonus pools, which are funded only after specific company objectives are reached.
Greater involvement by corporate boards in determining CFO pay also led to greater involvement by the CFO in strategic decisions. The survey showed that 37% of corporate boards in private companies had considerable influence on CFO compensation, compared with 70% of corporate boards in public companies.
CFOs should ask for clarity in the determination of bonuses, but they should also expect some portion of their bonuses to be subjective. Priortized goals and better communication about the structure of compensation plans can alleviate CFOs’ dissatisfaction about the design of their bonuses.
Neil Amato is a JofA senior editor. To comment on this article or to suggest an idea for another article, contact him at namato@aicpa.org or 919-402-2187.
AICPA RESOURCES
JofA article
“Executive Compensation: What’s Reasonable?” June 2009, page 56
Publication
Performance Is Everything: The Why, What, and How of Designing Compensation Plans (#PPM1206P, paperback; and #PPM1206E, ebook)
For more information or to make a purchase, go to cpa2biz.com or call the Institute at 888-777-7077.
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