The Business of Governments

State and municipal audits can be complex, but the range of potential clients is wide.

The Business of Governments

T he firm of Allen, Green & Robinette has used know-how and good timing to achieve success in a highly focused niche. The 12-person, Monroe, Louisiana, firm specializes in government auditing and accounting services, mainly for school districts and public housing authorities. By establishing itself as an expert, the small firm has gained prominence in its target market.

THE MAINSTREAM
The firm traditionally had performed some public housing authority audits, but its government practice got a boost when, due to a legislative change in 1990, the state auditor discontinued auditing school districts, turning instead to CPA firms to perform the work. “Because we had someone on staff with school district experience, we decided to pursue those audits for additional revenues,” says partner Tim Green.

“Public housing authorities have unique accounting procedures, so theyre not really the norm. Performing school district audits brought us more into the mainstream of governmental accounting.” Because of the size of the entities, the firms 13 school district clients are now by far the largest component of this niche. Green, the chairman of the American Institute of CPAs government accounting and auditing committee, explains that in Louisiana each school district is quite large because there is only one per parishor countywhile other states have several in each county.

Moving into that mainstream was not entirely smooth sailing for the firm. Green says the best and worst thing that happened to the practice in the last five years was a split in 1992, when two of the five partners decided to leave. Green and the two remaining partners set up shop on their own, in a transition he likens to a divorce. Although the break was traumatic, it allowed the newly formed firm to put greater emphasis on government workand to develop a cohesive and successful new firm. At the same time as the split, due to a legislative change, the required frequency of school district audits was hiked to annually from biennially. “That increased revenues a good bit,” Green says. Since the demand for school district audits widened just as the firm was gearing up to offer more of them, “weve gone on to become the largest auditor of school districts in Louisiana. If the firm had stayed together, that wouldnt have happened because the former partners didnt think governmental accounting and auditing was the way to go; that was one of things that led to their withdrawal.”

Today, five professional staff and two partners spend about 75% of their time on this specialty, and two paraprofessionals devote half their time each to it.

The firm gains many new clients through the bidding process. To ensure it is asked to bid, firm members have worked to establish a reputation in the market. For example, when the firm in 1991 invited all of Louisianas school districts to its first seminar, on intermediate-level government accounting for school boards, 60 people representing more than 20 districts attended. “It was a big success, and it established us as experts in school districts,” Green says. In addition, “we attend and are a sponsor of the annual Louisiana Association of School Business Officials convention and some regional meetings throughout the year. I think that is one of the things that distinguishes us from our competitorswe go to the meetings and listen to their concerns. Weve become much more knowledgeable about how we can help and what the problems are. And we get to know the people, so when theyre asking for bids, theyll call us.”

Audits and accounting are not the only service the firm provides to this niche. For example, for four school district clients, the firm prepares an extensive annual financial and statistical report required by the state department of education. It also performs special audit procedures concerning student activity funds. And, because it has the revised state statutes on CD-ROM, clients consult with the firm frequently to clarify statutes concerning financial matters.

A CHALLENGING BUSINESS
There arent many competitors in the market, for a number of reasons. Green says the Single Audit Act of 1984, which governs audits of federal grants, made the process more complicated. The Single Audit Act of 1996, effective for years beginning after June 30, 1996, added further complications by asking auditors to take a risk-based approach when they make audit selections of federal programs, which is a switch from the traditional method of making selections based strictly on a dollar-threshold. At the same time, Government Auditing Standards (the yellow book) requires 24 hours of continuing professional education specifically in government auditing every two years. These factors have discouraged many firms.

In addition, some aspects of the specialty can be daunting, Green says. Engagements involve extensive compliance work, requiring rigorous review of rules and regulations to ensure that government dollars are being spent as theyre supposed to be. “A lot of people who traditionally audit commercial entities tend to hate government auditing because of the compliance work involved.” The firms specialty can pose recruiting and retention problems. “We find that some staff like the financial part of these audits, which is similar to more traditional commercial auditing, and hate the compliance work. And even within government, were very specialized. If somebody wants variety, he or she would not be exposed to as much as in a more traditional firm.”

CPAs accustomed to working only with a business owner and a bank on commercial audits are surprised at the number of players in government work. “Everybody has an interest,” Green says. For example, “our state auditor approves any government audit contract of a local government. He monitors when the reports are due and sets stipulations for the agreements.” Federal agencies also can become involved, when, for example, funds for public housing authorities come from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Local citizens and the media also have an interest in government finances. “When the media are involved, your name may be in the paper. Sometimes thats favorable and sometimes its not. If its not, it may be no fault of your own; its just how it is reported.” In one newspaper story, Greens firm was incorrectly credited with discovering an embezzlementand mistakenly portrayed as having sharply underestimated the size of the theft.

In addition, “working with boards can be very frustrating,” he says. For example, board members come from varied walks of life and different educational backgrounds, so they each have different expertise and expectations. At the same time, CPAs must understand the politics of the situation, he warns, noting that financial information from audit reports can be construed in many different ways. For example, if the firm reports that the district did well and has a large fund balance, it may find itself in the middle of an argument over how the money is to be spent.

Preparation and research are other weighty factors. “Given the complexity of the work, theres a great deal of planning necessary. Government auditing adds on additional requirements to generally accepted auditing standards.”

At the same time, the bidding process can be discouraging. In Louisiana,governments are not required to choose the lowest bid for professional services, which means that sometimes politics rather than experience is the deciding factor. “Weve been in cases where our fee was competitive and we believed we were the most qualified yet we were not awarded the job. That can be particularly frustrating for a small firm just getting into this area.” He also notes that in government most board meetings are called at night, which discourages firms whose members prefer more conventional hours.

GOOD FOR LOCAL PRACTITIONERS

Although developing this niche may sound daunting, Green says attractions abound for small firms:

• There are many potential clients. “Governments of all sizes exist in every community. There will be a government whose required audit hours will be compatible with your size firm.”
• The timing is right. Most of the work for many government audits can be done during the summer and fall, the time of year when many practices are seeking more engagements. As a result, in Greens firm, the second half of the year generates more revenues than the first.
• There are many possible types of engagements. “Some smaller governments ask CPA firms to perform monthly accounting work or compile their financial statements. There is an opportunity to fill several needs.”
• Generally, there is little risk of losing fees due because the client is a bad credit risk, which is not true in the commercial environment.
• Its possible to rely on on-the-job training. “We have 25 governments that have June 30 year-ends, and in Louisiana, their audits are due by December 31. We perform a lot of the same procedures over and over, which means you get up to speed very quickly.”

MAKE A COMMITMENT

Greens firm has clearly benefited from its focus on government engagements. He advises other interested firms to make a solid commitment to this niche. Because of the complexity, the many interested parties and the paperwork, “youre taking quite a risk if youre just going to do one or two engagements,” he says.

Green enjoys the niche he has created, but he understands that it poses limitations. In his case, because the firm has done such a good job of establishing itself as an expert in school districts and public housing authorities, it can be hard to break into other areas, even within the government arena. However, he has no doubts the firm made the right choice in pursuing its specialty.