Editor's note: This article appears in the February 2009 issue of The Tax Adviser , the AICPA's monthly journal of tax planning, trends and techniques.
Sec. 7216 and the regulations thereunder were promulgated to set guidelines and impose restrictions on the use and disclosure of taxpayer information by tax return preparers. The rules were designed to protect taxpayers from having tax return information that is furnished to preparers disclosed and used in a manner that the taxpayer would not ordinarily authorize or contemplate. Sec. 7216(a) imposes significant penalties, including fines and/or imprisonment, for situations in which such information is disclosed knowingly or recklessly (subject to the many exceptions contained in the regulations) or is used for an improper purpose by return preparers. A civil penalty for improper disclosure of tax return information is contained in Sec. 6713.
The IRS issued final regulations under Sec. 7216 that were effective on January 1, 2009 (T.D. 9375). The purpose of these regulations is to update the existing rules to address current tax industry practices, such as electronic preparation and filing, expanded tax and nontax service offerings, and resource sharing across national borders.
Tax preparers who offer international tax services may be part of a multinational firm or a U.S. firm with overseas affiliates; they may provide services to expatriates or clients with international operations; or they may outsource tax return preparation services performed for U.S. clients to take advantage of cost savings. Regardless of how the preparer’s firm is structured or how work is divided among jurisdictions, the new Sec. 7216 regulations are likely to affect preparers who operate internationally because they contain new requirements related to cross-border information sharing. Such preparers will have to reevaluate firm procedures and protocols in light of the new regulations.
CONSENT TO DISCLOSE INFORMATION OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
Regs. Sec. 301.7216-2(c)(2) requires a preparer to obtain
taxpayer consent before disclosing any of the taxpayer’s tax return
information to another preparer located outside the United States,
regardless of whether the preparers are related parties. In all
cases, the consent must be knowing and voluntary, obtained prior to
any disclosure, and signed and dated by the taxpayer. The term “tax
return information” is defined in Regs. Sec. 301.7216- 1(b)(3) and
has been expanded to include items such as statistical compilations,
IRS communications, and amounts generated (e.g., credits or
deductions) based on information provided by the taxpayer. The
consent requirements applicable to all tax return filers are
described in Regs. Sec. 301.7216-3. Additional consent requirements
that apply to taxpayers filing individual returns are specified in
Rev. Proc. 2008-35.
Regs. Sec. 301.7216-3(a)(3)(i) requires taxpayer consent to contain the following items:
- The name of the tax return preparer and the name of the taxpayer;
- The intended purpose of the disclosure and, generally, the specific recipient(s) of the tax return information; and
- A specific description of the tax return information to be disclosed or used by the preparer.
Rev. Proc. 2008-35 requires preparers to adhere to additional requirements when obtaining consent from taxpayers who file returns in the Form 1040 series. Examples of specific rules include determining when separate consent forms must be used and when multiple disclosures within a single consent form are permitted; the language to be used in mandatory statements based on the intended use of the information; and even the size of the paper and font to be used when producing the consent form. Return preparers who collaborate with foreign tax experts in providing services to clients who are natural persons (i.e., individuals) must understand and carefully follow Rev. Proc. 2008-35 to ensure that taxpayer consent to share information is properly obtained prior to disclosure.
Regs. Sec.
301.7216-2(c)(3) provides an exception to the consent requirement
where the taxpayer initially furnishes tax return information to a
tax return preparer located outside the United States. In such
instances, the foreign preparer who received the information may use
or disclose such tax return information to another officer,
employee, or member that assists in the preparation of the
taxpayer’s tax return regardless of the respective preparers’
geographical locations. This exception provision appears to provide
an opportunity to mitigate some of the administrative burden
relating to the consent process for firms that utilize tax return
preparers employed by member firms outside the United States.
DISCLOSURE OF TAXPAYER SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS
The initial release of the final Sec. 7216 regulations (in
January 2008) did not allow disclosure of a taxpayer’s Social
Security number (SSN) to a return preparer located outside the
United States. The rule was reportedly designed to protect against
identity theft and the heightened risk of misuse of confidential
information readily associated with the taxpayer’s SSN. The
provision required the taxpayer’s SSN to be redacted from any tax
return information prior to being distributed overseas. This
provision was viewed as a practical and administrative burden by
U.S. preparers and clients who collaborate with foreign affiliates
of the U.S. preparer in the preparation of tax returns. One of the
concerns raised was that it would be difficult and time consuming
for expatriate U.S. taxpayers to obtain tax treaty benefits from
foreign jurisdictions.
In order to address practitioner and taxpayer concerns while maintaining the policy of closely safeguarding taxpayer SSNs, the IRS released rules allowing disclosure of a taxpayer SSN when there are sufficient data and security programs and procedures in place that meet IRS standards (T.D. 9409). The exception allows a U.S.-based return preparer to obtain consent to disclose a taxpayer’s SSN to a foreign return preparer if the SSN is disclosed through an “adequate data protection safeguard” where the U.S. preparer verifies maintenance of the safeguard in the consent form provided to the taxpayer. Further, the U.S. preparer may only disclose the SSN to a preparer located outside the United States who also employs an adequate data protection safeguard. Several examples of adequate safeguards are listed in Rev. Proc. 2008-35.
This exception will primarily benefit preparers who have a large network of foreign affiliates or who outsource tax compliance work to low-cost jurisdictions. Tax return preparers who do not have adequate safeguards in place, or who wish to disclose to foreign preparers who lack adequate safeguards, are still subject to the rule requiring SSNs to be masked or redacted prior to disclosure regardless of any taxpayer consent.
CONCLUSION
The new regulations under Sec. 7216
update the tax return information disclosure rules to address the
increasingly global nature of the modern return preparation
marketplace, including changes that affect multinational
arrangements between preparers, collaboration between unrelated U.S.
and foreign preparers, and the expansion of accounting and law firms
overseas. Practitioners with international operations or overseas
clients should carefully evaluate the impact of the updated consent
requirements, particularly when dealing with clients who are natural
persons. The technical nature of certain required procedures (e.g.,
Rev. Proc. 2008-35) may cause practitioners to reevaluate and amend
their current policies and procedures to mitigate the financial and
reputational risks associated with improper disclosures and uses of
tax return information.
—by Greg Jamouneau, J.D., Grant Thornton LLP, Chicago
This article appears in the February 2009 issue of The Tax Adviser , the AICPA's monthly journal of tax planning, trends and techniques. AICPA members can subscribe to The Tax Adviser for a discounted price. Call 1-800-513-3037 or e-mail taxsection@aicpa.org for a subscription to the magazine or to become a member of the Tax Section.
