The IRS prepared for tax season by, among other things, sending letters to tax return preparers who it suspects are filing inaccurate claims for the earned income tax credit (EITC). The letters were designed to tell the recipients that “critical issues [had been] identified on” their returns, warn them of the consequences of filing inaccurate EITC claims, and let them know that the IRS would continue to monitor their EITC claims. Some recipients will also receive a follow-up visit from the IRS.
The letters continue the IRS’s recent increased emphasis on EITC due diligence by tax return preparers, which included new regulations issued in 2012 that affect any practitioner who prepares a tax return that claims the EITC.
Paid tax return preparers are required to exercise due diligence when preparing a return that claims the EITC. Regs. Sec. 1.6695-2(b) spells out the due-diligence requirements preparers must meet, and those who do not meet the requirements can be subject to penalties and other sanctions. The IRS says, in Publication 4687, that “Due Diligence is more than a check mark on a form or clicking through tax preparation software,” and it spells out four due-diligence requirements that the IRS wants return preparers to meet to accurately determine if a taxpayer is eligible to claim the EITC and accurately compute the credit amount.
This increased interest in EITC due diligence is no doubt a result of the IRS’s conclusion that a large number of EITC claims are wrong. The IRS estimates that between 22% and 26% of all EITC claims contain some sort of mistake, costing the federal government between $13.3 billion and $15.6 billion in tax revenue in 2013. And the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration believes IRS estimates of mistaken EITC claims are low. One thing is clear: EITC claims and errors are both rising. Several factors contribute to wrongful and mistaken EITC claims, according to the Treasury Department, and among those are unscrupulous return preparers and fraud.
EITC BASICS AND STATS
The EITC is a refundable credit designed to subsidize the wages of low-income taxpayers. It was enacted in 1975 to offset Social Security taxes and to give taxpayers an incentive to work, since the credit is available only to taxpayers who have earned income.
Under Sec. 32, to qualify for the EITC, a taxpayer must:
- Be a U.S. citizen or resident alien for the entire year and have a valid Social Security number;
- Have earned income;
- File as married filing jointly, surviving spouse, head of household, or single;
- Not be a qualifying child of another person; and
- Not have investment income over a threshold amount ($3,350 for 2014).
A limited version of the EITC is available for taxpayers who
have no children (with a maximum credit amount of $496 for 2014), but
the credit is much larger for taxpayers with one or more qualifying
children (a maximum credit of $6,143 is available to taxpayers with
three or more children in 2014). Because qualifying children are such
a big factor in the amount of the credit, whether the taxpayer is
legitimately entitled to claim the children used to qualify for the
EITC is a big issue from a due-diligence perspective.
The EITC is calculated by multiplying the taxpayer’s income by a percentage, determined under Sec. 32(b). The amount of the credit phases out above certain income levels (which vary, depending on the number of qualifying children).
COMMON ERRORS
The IRS says that the three most common errors made in EITC claims are (1) claiming a child who does not meet the credit’s age, relationship, or residency requirements; (2) filing as single or head of household even though the taxpayer is married; and (3) reporting income or expenses incorrectly.
NEW DUE-DILIGENCE RULES
Under regulations finalized in 2012, preparers of tax returns that claim the EITC must follow specific due-diligence procedures, which are found in Regs. Sec. 1.6695-2(b), including, for each return that claims an EITC, submitting a completed Form 8867, Paid Preparer’s Earned Income Credit Checklist, to the IRS.
In Publication 4687, the IRS says preparers must do four things to comply with the EITC due-diligence requirements:
1. Complete Form 8867 and submit it with each return that claims an EITC;
2. Complete the EITC worksheet in the Form 1040 instructions or Publication 596, Earned Income Credit (or complete a document with the same information);
3. Keep for three years from the due date of the tax return or the date the return was filed (whichever is later) Form 8867; the EITC worksheet; a copy of any document that was provided by the taxpayer and on which the preparer relied when completing Form 8867 and the EITC worksheet; and a record of when, how, and from whom the preparer got the information used to prepare the return; and
4. Not know, or have any reason to know, that any information that was used to determine if the taxpayer is eligible to claim the EITC or to compute the amount of the credit is incorrect.
The filing requirements for Form 8867 are slightly different depending on the preparer’s role in preparing the tax return. A signing tax return preparer who is electronically filing the tax return or refund claim must file the completed Form 8867 with the return or claim. A signing tax return preparer who is not filing the return or claim must provide the taxpayer with a completed form to include when the taxpayer files the return. A nonsigning tax return preparer must provide the signing preparer with a completed electronic or paper form.
Return preparers are required to keep a copy of Form 8867 and of any document that the taxpayer supplied and that the preparer relied on to complete the form for three years from whichever of the following dates is the latest, as applicable:
- The return due date (without regard to any extension);
- For a signing tax return preparer who is filing the return electronically, the filing date;
- For a signing tax return preparer who is not filing the return electronically, the date the return or claim was presented to the taxpayer for signature; or
- For a nonsigning tax return preparer, the date the preparer submitted to the signing preparer the portion of the return or claim that the nonsigning preparer was responsible for.
The regulations subject firms to the same penalty as their
preparers if:
- One or more members of the principal management or principal officers of the firm or its branch office participated in or, prior to the time the return was filed, knew of the failure to comply with due diligence;
- The firm failed to establish reasonable and appropriate procedures to ensure compliance; or
- The firm had such procedures but disregarded them through willfulness, recklessness, or gross indifference in preparing the tax return or claim for refund for which the penalty is imposed.
A return preparer can avoid the penalty if he or she can
demonstrate to the IRS’s satisfaction that his or her normal office
procedures are reasonably designed and routinely followed to ensure
compliance with the EITC due-diligence requirements and that any
failure to meet the due-diligence requirements was “isolated and
inadvertent.” However, this defense is unavailable to a firm.
Former rules required preparers to complete Form 8867 or to otherwise record the information it required for each return claiming the EITC and keep it in the preparer’s records, rather than submitting it to the IRS, as is now required.
INQUIRY REQUIREMENT
Perhaps the most important aspect of the due-diligence rules is the requirement that the practitioner make reasonable inquiries to determine that the information the taxpayer is giving is correct. Publication 4687 specifies that under the due-diligence requirement, a preparer must ask the taxpayer additional questions “if a reasonable and well-informed tax return preparer, knowledgeable in the law, would conclude the information furnished seems incorrect, inconsistent or incomplete.” The publication also says that the preparer must, at the time of the interview, document in his or her files the questions asked and the taxpayer’s responses.
Publication 4687 gives examples of situations in which the practitioner should ask further questions to fulfill the due-diligence requirement. These situations include:
- A taxpayer who wants to use his niece and nephew to claim the EITC (the preparer should determine whether anyone else, such as the children’s parents, can claim them);
- An 18-year-old taxpayer with a child who lives with her parents and wants to claim the EITC (the preparer should determine if the taxpayer is a qualifying child of her parents and therefore ineligible to claim the EITC);
- A 22-year-old taxpayer with 10- and 11-year-old sons whose age “seems inconsistent with the ages of the children claimed as sons” (the preparer should make reasonable inquiries regarding their relationship to the taxpayer); and
- A taxpayer with Schedule C income but no expenses (because it is unusual for a business to have no expenses, the preparer should make reasonable inquiries to determine if the business exists).
SANCTIONS
The IRS can impose a number of sanctions on return preparers who file inaccurate EITC claims. These include penalties under Sec. 6695(g), loss of IRS e-filing privileges, and even barring preparers from tax return preparation.
The Sec. 6695(g) penalty is $500 for each return that does not meet the due-diligence standard. All tax return preparers (whether an individual or firm) who determine eligibility for, or amount of, the EITC under Sec. 32 and who fail to satisfy the due-diligence requirements are subject to the penalty under Sec. 6695(g), whether they signed the return or not.
The Sec. 6695(g) penalty is not applied with respect to a particular tax return or claim for refund if the preparer can demonstrate that, considering all the facts and circumstances, the preparer’s normal office procedures are reasonably designed and routinely followed to ensure compliance with the due-diligence requirements in Regs. Sec. 1.6695-2(b) and the failure to meet the requirements with respect to the particular return or claim for refund was isolated and inadvertent.
Preparers may also be assessed a penalty for the greater of $1,000 or 50% of the income derived (or to be derived) by the preparer with respect to the return or claim under Sec. 6694(a), if the return contains positions that are deemed “unreasonable.” However, preparers may avoid these penalties if they had reasonable cause and acted in good faith (Sec. 6694(a)(3)). If the understatement is due to willful or reckless conduct, the penalty rises to the greater of $5,000 or 50% of the income derived (or to be derived) by the preparer with respect to the return or claim under Sec. 6694(b).
Publication 4687 states that the assessment of return-related penalties against a preparer can also lead to other sanctions, including:
- Disciplinary action by the IRS Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR);
- Suspension or expulsion of the preparer’s firm from participation in IRS e-filing;
- Injunctions barring the preparer from preparing tax returns; and
- Referral for criminal investigation.
- Sanctions Against Taxpayers
Of course, practitioners are not the only ones the IRS will
sanction for false EITC claims. Besides the usual failure-to-pay and
accuracy-related penalties applicable to taxpayers, any taxpayer who
makes a reckless or fraudulent claim of an EITC can be barred from
claiming it for a certain period. If the taxpayer’s improper EITC
claim was due to reckless or intentional disregard of rules and
regulations, the credit can be denied for two tax years (Sec.
32(k)(1)(B)(ii)). If the taxpayer’s improper EITC claim was due to
fraud, the credit can be denied for 10 tax years (Sec. 32(k)(1)(B)(i)).
LOOKING FORWARD
With billions of dollars being paid out in EITC claims—and billions being wrongfully paid because of mistakes or fraud—the government has a lot at stake in ensuring that EITC payments are accurate. Return preparers should expect continued IRS attention in this area and should be careful to follow the due-diligence steps for every return that claims the EITC.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The IRS is taking a closer look at returns that claim the earned income tax credit (EITC), and before tax season it sent letters to tax return preparers who it suspects are filing inaccurate EITC claims.
Common EITC errors include (1) claiming a child who does not meet the credit’s age, relationship, or residency requirements; (2) filing as single or head of household even though the taxpayer is married; and (3) reporting income or expenses incorrectly.
EITC due-diligence requirements impose new duties on tax return preparers and come with new sanctions.
Among the EITC due-diligence requirements is a requirement that practitioners make reasonable inquiries to determine that the information the taxpayer is giving is correct.
Alistair M. Nevius is the JofA’s editor-in-chief, tax. To comment on this article or to suggest an idea for another article, contact him at anevius@aicpa.org or 919-402-4052.
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