Most nonprofit organizations are now reviewing their first redesigned IRS Form 990 and its many new information requirements designed to enhance transparency and accountability. CPAs with nonprofit clients now are seeing the pieces fit together with satisfaction or, if drawing together the information has been difficult, perhaps with some concern. Many small organizations may be in need of some quick pointers and suddenly need your help. The new form, unveiled in late 2007, must be used for tax years beginning in 2008 by nonprofit organizations required to file Form 990, Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax.
WHO MUST FILE THE NEW FORM 990?
As previously was the case, the full form is required only of
larger organizations, with an abbreviated form for smaller ones and an
e-postcard for the smallest. The reporting thresholds have changed,
however, and will continue changing this year and next. Whether an
organization will be subject to the stringent reporting requirements
of the Form 990 depends on its financial activity (see sidebar, “EZ—or
Not?”). For tax year 2008, that benchmark for the full Form 990 is
gross receipts of $1 million or more and total assets of $2.5 million.
It declines this year and again in 2010, so more organizations will be
required to file the full form. For the 2009 tax year, the filing
threshold drops to gross receipts of $500,000 or more and total assets
of $1.25 million or more. For the 2010 tax year, the filing threshold
drops to gross receipts of $200,000 or more and total assets of
$500,000 or more. Any organization that fails to file its required
form—Form 990-N, Form 990-EZ, or Form 990—for three consecutive years
will have its tax-exempt status terminated.
The core Form 990 is now 11 pages, only two more pages than before, but it also has 16 accompanying schedules, many of them new. Some of the core form’s questions simply gather information to obtain a better understanding of the organization. However, other questions can trigger a punitive action by the IRS against either the organization or against the board members and management. Moreover, this additional information is also available to the public.
As formerly, organizations’ forms 990 and 990-EZ are by law available for public inspection, including on the Internet at www.guidestar.org. In addition, Form 990-T for unrelated business income is now public record.
The new Form 990 has a number of questions designed to determine whether any activities have occurred that warrant revocation of the tax-exempt status or the imposition of sanctions on the nonprofit’s board and management. These questions must be addressed by all nonprofits filing Form 990.
EZ—or Not?
For tax year 2008, the Form 990-EZ can be used if an
organization has gross receipts greater than $25,000 but less than $1
million, and total assets less than $2.5 million. For tax year 2009,
it can be used if the organization has gross receipts greater than
$25,000 and less than $500,000, and total assets less than $1.25
million. For tax year 2010, it can be used if the organization has
gross receipts greater than $50,000 and less than $200,000, and total
assets less than $500,000.
The 2008 Form 990-EZ core form has four pages. In addition, depending on the organization’s activities, it may need to complete additional schedules from the Form 990:
Schedule A, Public Charity Status and Public Support
(to be completed by section 501(c)(3) organizations)
Schedule B, Schedule of Contributors
Schedule C, Political Campaign and Lobbying Activities
Schedule E, Schools
Schedule G, Supplemental Information Regarding
Fundraising or Gaming Activities
Schedule L, Transactions With Interested Persons
Schedule N, Liquidation, Termination, Dissolution or
Significant Disposition of Assets
Postcards for the Smallest
Prior to the tax year 2007 nonprofit organizations with gross
receipts of $25,000 or less were not required to file anything.
However, for tax years beginning in 2007 most nonprofit organizations
with gross receipts of $25,000 or less were required to file Form
990-N, which is an electronic form that can be accessed and prepared
through www.irs.gov.
The Form 990-N requires reporting the employer identification number, the tax year, the legal name and mailing address, the name and address of a principal officer, Web site address if the organization has one, and a confirmation that the organization’s gross receipts are $25,000 or less.
Organizations that are exempt from even this filing requirement are ones that are part of a group return, also churches, their integrated auxiliaries and conventions or associations of churches.
Form 990-N cannot be used by private foundations, section 509(a)(3) supporting organizations, or section 527 political organizations.
For tax years beginning in 2010, the Form 990-N filing will be extended to organizations with gross receipts of $50,000 or less.
CLOSER SCRUTINY ON COMPENSATION
Many questions on the new Form 990 are designed to aid the
Service’s continuing scrutiny of overpayment of organization employees
and officers and other so-called excess benefit transactions (see IRC
§ 4958, also “NPO
Compensation in the Spotlight,” JofA, Oct. 07, page 54).
An “excess benefit transaction” is any transaction where a
disqualified person (an “insider”) receives a payment or a benefit
that exceeds the amount or value he or she has given in exchange.
Simply put, the insider has been overpaid.
Several questions on the new Form 990 warrant careful consideration by the board and management, since they specifically ask about more forms of reportable compensation, and for more employees and officers, than on the old form. The first group of questions is designed to identify and consolidate all forms of employee and officer compensation by the organization and related organizations to certain “listed persons.” Listed persons include all current officers who manage the daily operations of the organization and voting directors and trustees, even if they received no payment. In addition, the top 20 highest earning “key employees,” those earning more than $150,000 of reportable compensation, must be listed. The old form required organizations to list only the five most highly paid officials who earn more than $50,000 annually.
Key employees are further defined as having responsibilities, powers or influence over the entire organization similar to those of officers, directors or trustees. They also must manage a discrete segment or activity of the organization that is at least 10% of the organization’s entire activity, assets, income or expenses, or have or share authority to control or determine 10% or more of the organization’s capital expenditures, operating budget or compensation for employees.
Besides these key employees, the organization must also disclose information about these persons:
The five current highest-compensated employees earning
more than $100,000 in reportable compensation who may meet some but
not all of the tests for being a key employee.
Former officers, key employees or highest-compensated
employees who received more than $100,000.
Former directors or trustees who received in that
capacity more than $10,000 of reportable compensation.
For the above persons, information to be reported on new
Schedule J, Part II, includes base compensation, bonus and incentive
compensation, other compensation reported in box 5 of Form W-2 or box
7 of Form 1099-MISC, such as payments of amounts earned in a prior
year, or severance payments, also deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits.
Another group required to be reported on Schedule J is any listed person who received compensation from an unrelated organization for services rendered to the filing organization. For the five current highest-compensated employees, those earning less than $150,000 are not required to be included in Schedule J.
Additional compensation amounts reported on Schedule J (questions 4 through 7, with the details reported in Part III) are payments for severance or change of control, a supplemental nonqualified retirement plan or equity-based compensation arrangement. Compensation contingent on revenues, compensation contingent on net earnings, and any other nonfixed payments must also be reported.
Other questions focus on whether all the fragments of compensation were properly included on the W-2 or 1099-MISC and whether there is an automatic excess benefit because of failure to properly report compensation.
FRINGE BENEFITS FRONT AND CENTER
Schedule J, question 1a, asks about specific expenses and fringe
benefits provided to listed persons: first-class or charter travel,
travel for companions, tax indemnification and gross-up payments,
discretionary spending account, housing allowance or residence for
personal use, payments for business use of personal residence, health
or social club dues or initiation fees, and personal services. These
must be identified regardless of whether they were reported as
compensation on the W-2 or 1099-MISC. For each item, additional
information must be provided as to the type of benefit, who received
it, and whether the benefit was treated as taxable compensation.
Schedule J, question 1b, asks if there is a written policy for the payment or reimbursement of these expenses. If there is no written policy for payment or reimbursement of expenses, the organization must identify who determined that such benefits would be provided and the basis for that determination.
Schedule J, question 2, asks whether substantiation is required before reimbursing or paying the expenses. This can be used to determine whether there was an accountable plan and whether compensation was reported properly. Expenses that were not covered by an accountable plan should have been treated as compensation. However, if they were not, they become an automatic excess benefit.
SAFE HARBOR FOR COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS
Additional questions focus on whether the compensation
arrangement can meet the three-prong safe harbor test to provide a
defense for the organization against intermediate sanctions, which are
the taxes imposed on the board and management for an excess benefit
transaction. First, the compensation arrangement for the top
management official must be approved by the board or compensation
committee (Schedule J, question 3). Second, the organization must use
a method to establish compensation of the CEO or executive director
that compares it to other CEOs’ pay. Schedule J, question 3, asks what
comparability data was used: an independent compensation consultant,
Form 990 of other organizations, written employment contract or a
compensation survey or study. Third, the organization must
contemporaneously document the meetings held or written actions
undertaken during the year by the governing body and each committee
with authority to act on its behalf (page 6 of the core form, question
8). Question 15 on page 6 of the core form directly asks if the
organization can meet the safe harbor:
“Did the process for determining compensation of the following persons include a review and approval by independent persons, comparability data, and contemporaneous substantiation of the deliberation and decision: (a) the organization’s CEO, Executive Director or top management official; (b) other officers or key employees of the organization? Describe the process.”
These answers are extremely important, as they will force the organization to admit whether it has a defense against an intermediate sanction, perhaps before it is even aware that it has provided a sanctionable excess benefit.
Other activities of an organization that can give rise to an excess benefit transaction are reported on new Schedule L:
Any excise taxes for excess benefit transactions
reimbursed by the organization.
Loans to and/or from interested persons.
Grants or assistance benefiting interested persons.
Business transactions involving interested persons.
An interested person is every “listed person” from Part VII of
the core form. It also includes any “disqualified person,” which is
anyone who is in a position to exercise substantial influence on the
organization, such as the board members or upper management, their
family members, and businesses or entities in which they own or
control more than a 35% interest. For a section 509(a)(3) supporting
organization, an interested person includes a substantial contributor,
his or her family members and a business or entity in which he or she
owns more than a 35% interest.
CONFLICT-OF-INTEREST POLICY
Part VI of the core form, Governance, Management, and
Disclosure, question 12, asks if there is a written
conflict-of-interest policy that requires annual disclosure of
conflicts. It also asks for a description of how this policy is
monitored and enforced. A written conflict-of-interest policy that is
monitored and enforced is considered essential to good governance and
high ethical standards.
GREATER TRANSPARENCY
As you can see, the new Form 990 makes filing organizations much
more transparent in their finances, especially their compensation
practices. This, of course, may add burdens of recordkeeping and
reporting. The intent of the IRS is to give the public the necessary
tools to determine if their contributions are being used wisely. In
this way the IRS will facilitate the market forces to bring change to
the nonprofit sector. The hope is to weed out organizations that
manage their assets poorly and siphon away funding from other
organizations, with the result of greater accountability and service
to communities by organizations that will have a better opportunity to
get the funding that they deserve. 
Also see:
Comments
on Selected Parts of the New Form 990 and Schedules
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CPAs helping nonprofit organizations file the new,
redesigned IRS information Form 990 can provide valuable service in
understanding the scope of its new schedules and other reporting requirements.
The full form is required for tax year 2008 of
organizations with gross receipts of $1 million or more and $2.5
million or more in assets. More organizations will be required to file
it rather than the shorter EZ form, however, starting in 2009, when
the threshold begins dropping in two stages to gross receipts of
$200,000 or more and total assets of at least $500,000 in 2010.
Although Form 990 is only two pages longer than before,
it is accompanied by 16 schedules, many of them new and unprecedented
in the level of detail in their inquiry.
Many questions target socalled excess benefit
transactions. Certain organization employees and officers are “listed
persons” subject to reporting on compensation in many more of its
possible forms than previously. The new form also requires
organizations to report on how they determined reasonable compensation
for their top management official.
Organizations also are asked whether they have a written
policy covering conflicts of interest, including how it is monitored
and enforced.
Bonnie M. Wyllie, Esq., LL.M., is vice president of tax consulting services at New Orleans-based LaPorte Sehrt Romig Hand CPAs. Her e-mail address is bwyllie@laporte.com.
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
As the IRS enforces better compliance with the tax laws, it has a new strategy designed to educate the nonprofit sector. The IRS Web site www.stayexempt.org provides training for nonprofits, as well as links from the Service’s home page, www.irs.gov. At the latter, see a sample conflict-of-interest policy in Appendix A to the instructions to Form 1023, Application for Recognition of Exemption (www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1023.pdf). IRS publications specifically designed to help nonprofits are:
Publication 557, Tax-Exempt Status for Your Organization
Publication 561, Determining the Value of Donated Property
Publication 598, Tax on Unrelated Business Income of
Exempt Organizations
Publication 1771, Charitable
Contributions—Substantiation and Disclosure Requirements
Publication 3079, Gaming Publication for Tax-Exempt
Organizations, and Notice 1335, Gaming Activities, and
Notice 1340, Tax-Exempt Organizations and Raffle Prizes—Reporting
Requirements and Federal Income Tax Withholding
Publication 4221-PC, Compliance Guide for 501(c)(3)
Public Charities
Publication 4302, A Charity’s Guide to Vehicle Donations
Publication 4630, The Exempt Organizations Products
& Services Navigator
AICPA RESOURCES
CPE
Form 990: AICPA’s Answer to Unlocking the Tax
Complexities, a CPE self-study course (DVD/manual, #181454;
additional manual for DVD, #351454; text, #731140)
Nonprofit Organizations: Guide to Advanced Tax
Planning, a CPE self-study course (#736790)
For more information or to place an order, go to www.cpa2biz.com or call the Institute at 888-777-7077.
On-Site Training
Form 990: Moving Beyond the Basics (Acronym #AF990)
To access on-site training courses, go to www.aicpalearning.org, click “On-Site Training” and search by “Acronym Index.” If you need assistance, please contact a training representative at 800-634-6780 (option 1).
Tax Section
The Tax Section provides tools, technologies and peer
interaction to CPAs with tax practices. The Section keeps members up
to date on tax legislative and regulatory developments. Visit the Tax
Center at www.aicpa.org/tax.
OTHER RESOURCES
Books
The Nonprofit Policy Sampler, by Barbara Lawrence
and Outi Flynn, BoardSource, 2006
Managing Conflicts of Interest: A Primer for Nonprofit
Boards, 2nd edition, by Daniel L. Kurtz and Sarah E. Paul,
BoardSource, 2006
Statement of Principles
Principles for Good Governance and Ethical Practice: A Guide for
Charities and Foundations, Panel on the Nonprofit Sector, www.nonprofitpanel.org
