For some time, leaders of the accounting profession have been
concerned about an impending shortage of accounting professors,
particularly in the audit and tax specializations. A recent analysis
co-sponsored by the AICPA and the American Accounting Association
reveals that between 500 and 700 accounting faculty per year will
retire over the next 10 years, while accounting Ph.D. programs are
averaging 140 graduates per year. About 40% of those graduates,
moreover, are foreign nationals who might not remain in the U.S. to teach.
Despite this trend, there is good news. First, the major demand for faculty is in audit and tax, which happen to be the leading areas of specialization for practicing CPAs. Second, the CPA profession, led by more than 66 of the largest CPA firms and joined by more than 36 state societies and the AICPA Foundation, has begun the Accounting Doctoral Scholars Program (ADS) to encourage practicing audit and tax professionals to consider a career as an accounting professor. Third, additional resources are available from the AICPA Foundation and the foundations of some professional services firms to help enable doctoral students to make an investment in becoming a faculty member. In this article, we outline the process of obtaining a Ph.D. in accounting, the rewards of the academic accounting profession and the resources available to help professionals achieve that goal.
DOCTORAL EDUCATION IN ACCOUNTING
The two basic types of accounting faculty, academically
qualified (AQ) and professionally qualified (PQ), are derived from
accreditation standards developed by the Association to Advance
Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Most full-time accounting
faculty are AQ, which generally requires a Ph.D. in accounting,
although some colleges and universities consider law degrees the
terminal degree for some disciplines, such as taxation. Recognizing
that the mission of universities is to both create and disseminate
knowledge, universities and colleges require AQ faculty to produce
research relevant to their discipline.
Ph.D. programs in accounting are designed to mentor students in how to be high-quality researchers. As a result, the programs are rigorous and usually take at least four years to complete. Usually, after two to three years of coursework, the student prepares a dissertation. During the doctoral program, students are typically funded with stipends by their universities and work as teaching and/or research assistants, for which their tuition is waived.
Approximately 100 colleges and universities supply the accounting Ph.D. graduates in the United States. Many of these programs are at major state universities or large private colleges. In admitting students, programs carefully consider factors such as grades, GMAT scores, and professional certifications and experience. Programs also consider intangibles such as intellectual curiosity, a love of learning, and perseverance and dedication in generating original research ideas.
Although earning a Ph.D. can be a long and difficult process, it brings rewards. A recent survey finds that more than two-thirds of doctoral-granting universities expected to pay at least $135,000 base salary for newly graduated assistant professors (see “Assessing the Shortage of Accounting Faculty,” Issues in Accounting Education, May 06, page 113). Often, this base is supplemented important to point out that professors are expected to work hard and make major contributions in accounting research, teaching and service to their university, the overall academic community and the accounting profession. Nevertheless, despite demanding workloads, professors express a high level of satisfaction with their career choices (see “Teaching for the Love of It,” JofA, June 06, page 30). Some of the intangible rewards include schedule flexibility, particularly during the summer months and the holiday season. In addition, faculty have the freedom to pursue research opportunities that are aligned with their interests.
On the other hand, teaching isn’t for everyone. Prospective Ph.D. students should consider whether they would be comfortable speaking in front of a class and enjoy the challenge of presenting material in a way that engages students. They should also learn beforehand about the type of studies they will face, the arduousness of those studies and other often stressful factors during the four to five years it typically takes to obtain a Ph.D. Not the least of those factors for practicing CPAs is the need to give up most or all of a regular salary as they devote most of their time to studies for the next four to five years. As this article shows, however, fellowships and stipends are often available.
These and other considerations can be explored by speaking with faculty about Ph.D. coursework and other aspects of the programs as well as teaching as a career (see “Pursuing a Ph.D. in Accounting: Walking in With Your Eyes Open”).
SUPPORT FOR DOCTORAL EDUCATION
In the spring of 2008, the biggest accounting firms in the
United States created the ADS Program. To date, more than 66 firms and
more than 36 state CPA societies have committed more than $17 million
to the program, which is administered by the AICPA Foundation. In each
of the next four years, the program will provide financial support to
up to 30 new doctoral students who are making the transition from
practicing auditors and tax accountants to careers as AQ faculty
members specializing in auditing or tax.
Other sources of funding for doctoral study in accounting include the AICPA’s Fellowship for Minority Doctoral Students program, the Deloitte Foundation Ph.D. Fellowship grants, the KPMG Foundation Accounting Doctoral Scholarship Program, the PricewaterhouseCoopers INQuires grant program for research in auditing and tax and the PhD Project, which supports minority doctoral students and is funded by the KPMG Foundation and others.
Becoming Professionally Qualified
The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
has recently established the Bridge Program for professionals
interested in making a career change to PQ faculty. It consists of an
intensive weeklong workshop. Qualifications include:
A master’s degree and appropriate professional
certifications, such as the CPA designation;
Active practice in professional or consulting
assignments;
A minimum of five to seven years of extensive
professional or senior-level management experience;
A minimum of seven to 10 years of in-depth industry
experience with significant levels of responsibility and
expertise;
An active contribution to a field of expertise through
written contribution, participation in professional development
activities and experience.
The AICPA Foundation has recently established a scholarship program for accounting professionals who have been accepted into the Bridge Program. For more information, visit www.bridgeprogram.aacsb.edu or write AACSB International, 777 South Harbour Island Blvd., Suite 750, Tampa, FL 33602-5730.
IS THERE ANOTHER WAY?
To help fill an already existing shortage of faculty, many
schools are hiring more PQ faculty members. They typically are CPAs
with a master’s degree and significant professional experience. In
fact, many business schools are now establishing career tracks for
qualified “professors of practice” with a CPA designation. These
individuals with funding for summer research. It is contribute mainly
to the university teaching and service missions and remain active in
professional activities in addition to their university roles.
Although PQ faculty positions are not as numerous as AQ faculty positions in the United States and do not offer the same compensation and benefits that AQ faculty receive as researchers, becoming a PQ faculty member may be an excellent way for an experienced accounting professional to move into a career in higher education.
CAN I TRY IT OUT?
CPAs can be exposed to a career as an accounting professor
without giving up their current day job or making a full-time
commitment. Options include:
Teaching an accounting course at a local college or
university. Many colleges offer evening and weekend courses for
working professionals and often need qualified part-time or adjunct
instructors.
Teaching a distance-education or online course. Online
programs continue to grow in size and number, and many well-known
accredited universities now offer them.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A looming shortage exists in the academic world of accounting
as many accounting professors retire and new instructors are needed.
The AICPA, along with other groups and professional services firms,
offers assistance to accountants interested in future careers in academia.
The Accounting Doctoral Scholars Program (ADS), administered by
the AICPA Foundation, was recently established by 67 of the largest
accounting firms, along with the support of state societies. Designed
to encourage audit and tax professionals to pursue a career as a
professor, the ADS Program intends to award 30 four-year scholarships
during each of the next four years.
Other financial assistance is available to Ph.D. students in
accounting to supplement stipends provided by universities. While
these stipends are low relative to accounting salaries, universities
generally waive tuition for doctoral study, since most students serve
as graduate assistants. Accounting faculty earn competitive salaries,
providing a reasonable payback period of the investment for the CPA.
More opportunities are also expected to open up for
professionally qualified instructors. Professionally qualified
instructors are not Ph.D.s but have extensive professional accounting
experience. An AICPA/ American Accounting Association program offers
assistance in making such a career change.
Michael Ruff, CPA, is a doctoral student; Jay C. Thibodeau, CPA, Ph.D., is a professor of accountancy; and Jean C. Bedard, CPA, Ph.D., is Timothy B. Harbert Professor of Accountancy, all at Bentley University, Waltham, Mass. Their e-mail addresses, respectively, are mruff@bentley.edu, jthibodeau@bentley.edu and jbedard@bentley.edu.
AICPA RESOURCES
JofA Articles
“Pursuing
a Ph.D. in Accounting: Walking in With Your Eyes Open,” a
JofA Web-exclusive article, March 1, 2009
“Teaching
for the Love of It,” June 06, page 30
“The
Practitioner-Professor Link,” June 05, page 77
The ADS Program
Candidates must:
Have completed at least three years of recent,
significant work in public accounting in auditing or tax;
Provide a written statement of commitment to a career
transition to teaching and research in audit or tax at an AACSB
International Business Accredited university in the United States upon
completion of a doctoral program with an emphasis in audit or
tax;
Qualify for admission to an ADS-participating university
doctoral program;
Be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident;
If selected as an ADS Program scholar, commit to applying
for admission to one or more doctoral programs in accounting at an ADS
Program- participating university to pursue auditing or tax as a
teaching and research focus.
Once they enroll in a doctoral program in accounting at a participating university, ADS scholars will receive a stipend of $30,000 per year for a maximum of four years.
For more information, see www.adsphd.org or write ADSprogram@aicpa.org or Accounting Doctoral Scholars Program, AICPA Foundation, 220 Leigh Farm Road, Durham, NC 27707, or call 919-402-4524.
Scholarships, Fellowships and Grants
Accounting Doctoral Scholars Program, www.adsphd.org
Fellowship for Minority Doctoral Students, http://tinyurl.com/ccvv7r
Deloitte Foundation, including Doctoral Fellowship
Program, http://tinyurl.com/dydh2a
The KPMG Foundation Accounting Doctoral Scholarship
Program, www.kpmgfoundation.org/foundinit.asp
PricewaterhouseCoopers faculty initiatives, including PwC
INQuires, http://tinyurl.com/c53wme
The PhD Project, www.phdproject.org
Faculty Job Listings
Chronicle Careers (The Chronicle of Higher
Education), http://chronicle.com/jobs
HigherEdJobs.com, www.higheredjobs.com
Academic and Professional Accounting Associations
The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of
Business, www.aacsb.edu,
including the AACSB Bridge Program, www.bridgeprogram.aacsb.edu
The Institute of Management Accountants, www.imanet.org
The American Accounting Association, http://aaahq.org
